Champa

Champa was a civilization comprised of multiple Cham polities that extended across the coast of present-day central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century CE until 1832. The first Cham polities were established around the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD, following Khu Liên's rebellion against the Eastern Han dynasty. Champa evolved from the seafaring Austronesian Chamic Sa Huỳnh culture and maintained lucrative trade networks across the region, connecting the Indian Ocean and Eastern Asia, until the 17th century. While scholarly consensus has shifted, Champa is considered to have functioned as a unified kingdom in some periods and as a federation of independent states in others. The final remaining principality was annexed by Emperor Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty.